This information will help you get the nutrients you need during your cancer treatment. It explains ways to add calories, protein, and liquid to your diet. It also explains how different cancer treatments may affect your eating and what you can do to help manage side effects.
Nutrition during your cancer treatment
Good nutrition is very important. There are some changes you can make now that will help you during treatment. Start by following a healthy diet. A healthy diet during treatment means eating foods that give your body the nutrition it needs. This can make you stronger, help you stay at a healthy weight, and help you fight infection. It may also help you prevent or manage some side effects of treatment.
Do not follow restrictive or fad diets during treatment. Ask your Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) if you have any questions about avoiding certain foods.
To schedule an appointment with an RDN, call 212-639-7312. Appointments are available in person, by phone, or by telehealth.
Tips for making eating easier
- Aim for 6 to 8 small (fist sized) meals and snacks throughout the day. This may be easier to manage than 3 large meals.
- Choose ready-to-eat (pre-made) foods or meals that do not involve much cooking or preparation.
- Swap water for drinks with calories and protein. Fruit juices are usually easy to drink and may perk up your taste for other foods. You can also try nutrition supplement drinks, shakes, or smoothies.
- Don’t be afraid to ask for help. Allow friends and family to prepare meals or shop for you. Be sure to tell them if there are certain foods that you can’t eat very well or don’t like. Make sure the proper food safety guidelines are used in preparation, delivery, and storage. Ask your RDN about home delivery services. For more information, read Food Safety During Cancer Treatment.
- Add movement as much as your doctor allows. You can try walking, stretching, resistance training, gardening, or sitting outside to get some sunlight.
Tips for getting enough calories and protein
Your RDN may suggest certain foods to help you get more calories and protein or eat more comfortably. Some of these foods may seem like less healthy choices, but all foods can help to nourish you. Below are some suggestions on ways to increase calories and protein in your diet.
Use high calorie, high fat foods
- Add olive oil or butter to recipes and meals
- Use whole fat dairy (such as whole milk, cheese, or sour cream)
- Try avocado, nut butters (such as peanut butter or almond butter), and other nuts. You can also try seeds (such as pistachios, cashews, pumpkin seeds, or hemp seeds)
- Use Double Milk (recipe below) instead of regular milk or water
Drink liquids with extra calories
- Fruit nectars or juices
- Milk or milk substitutes
- Homemade shakes
- Smoothies
- Premade yogurt drinks or kefir
Eat foods rich in protein
- Chicken, fish, pork, beef, or lamb
- Eggs
- Milk
- Cheese
- Beans
- Nuts or nut butters
- Soy foods
- Pasteurized bone broth for soups and stews
Enjoy desserts
- Pound cake
- Puddings
- Custards
- Cheesecakes
- Top with whipped cream for extra calories
Pair fruits and vegetables with protein
- Apple slices with peanut butter
- Carrot sticks with a cheese stick
- Pita bread and hummus
Add extra nutrition to recipes
- Add unflavored protein powder to creamy soups, mashed potatoes, shakes, and casseroles.
- Snack on dried fruits, nuts, and seeds.
- Add wheat germ, ground nuts, chia seeds, or ground flax seeds to cereals, casseroles, and yogurt.
- Add sour cream, coconut milk, half and half, or heavy cream to mashed potatoes, cake, and cookie recipes. You can also add it to pancake batter, sauces, gravies, soups, and casseroles.
- Make vegetables or pasta with cream sauces or drizzle olive oil over these foods before eating.
Managing symptoms and side effects with nutrition
People can have different symptoms. You may have one or many, while others may have none.
This section describes some tips you can use to help you with:
- Appetite loss
- Constipation (having fewer bowel movements than usual)
- Diarrhea (having loose or watery bowel movements)
- Dry mouth
- Sore mouth or throat
- Taste changes
- Early satiety (feel full shortly after you start eating)
- Nausea (feeling like you’re going to throw up) and vomiting (throwing up)
- Reflux
- Fatigue (feeling more tired or weak than usual)
Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the symptoms above before following these tips.
Diet changes can help manage your side effects, but you may also need medicine. If you’re prescribed medicine, be sure to take it as advised by your healthcare provider.
Appetite loss
Appetite loss is a decrease in your desire to eat. It’s a very common side effect of cancer treatments.
Below are some tips to help manage appetite loss with diet.
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Nausea and vomiting
Nausea can be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. It can also be caused by pain, medication, infection, or stress.
If you’re vomiting, try your best to follow the suggestions in this section. Be sure to keep yourself well hydrated with electrolyte-rich drinks. Read the “Staying hydrated” section earlier in this resource for examples.
Ask your healthcare provider if you need an antiemetic (medication to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting). Below are suggestions for managing your nausea through your diet.
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For more information, read Managing Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation
Constipation is having less bowel movements than usual. If you’re constipated, your bowel movements might be:
- Too hard
- Too small
- Hard to get out
- Less often than usual
Constipation can be caused by many things, including your diet, activity, and lifestyle. Some chemotherapy and pain medications can also cause constipation.
Take any medications for managing constipation as advised by your healthcare provider. Below are ways to manage constipation through your diet.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea is a loose or watery bowel movement (poop), having more bowel movements than what’s normal for you, or both. It is when food passes quickly through your intestines. When this happens, water and nutrients aren’t absorbed well by your body.
Diarrhea can be caused by:
- Cancer treatment and other medications
- Stomach, intestine, or pancreas surgery
- Food sensitivity
Take anti-diarrheal medications as told by your health care team. Below are ways to help manage diarrhea with your diet.
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For more information, read Managing Diarrhea
Dry mouth
A dry mouth can be caused by:
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Medications
- Surgery on the head and neck
- Infections
Dry mouth can increase cavities and tooth decay. It is important to keep your mouth clean, especially when it is dry.
Below are some ways to help manage dry mouth with your diet.
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Mouth and throat sores
Mouth and throat sores can be caused by certain chemotherapy treatments. They can also be caused by radiation to your head or neck. A sore mouth or throat can make eating difficult. Take any prescribed medications for your mouth and throat as directed by your care team.
Below are some ways to help manage your sore mouth and throat through diet.
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Taste changes
Your sense of taste can be affected by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and some medications.
Taste is made up of 5 main sensations: salty, sweet, savory, bitter, and sour. Taste changes are different from person to person. The most common changes are having bitter and metallic tastes in your mouth. Sometimes, food may not taste like anything. These changes often go away after your treatment ends.
Below are some ways to help manage taste changes through diet.
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Early satiety
Early satiety is when you feel full more quickly than usual when you eat. For example, you may feel like you can’t eat any more when you’re only halfway through your meal.
Early satiety can be caused by:
- Stomach surgery
- Constipation
- Some medications
- Tumor burden
Below are some ways to help manage early satiety through diet.
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Reflux
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is when your stomach contents back up into your esophagus. Certain chemotherapy drugs, radiation, and other medication such as steroids can cause reflux.
Your health care team may prescribe you medications to help manage your reflux. Below are some ways to help manage reflux through diet.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is feeling more tired or weak than usual. It’s the most common side effect of cancer and cancer treatments. It may keep you from doing your usual daily activities. It may also impact your quality of life and make it harder for you to handle your treatment.
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For more information, read Managing Your Chemotherapy Side Effects and Managing Cancer-Related Fatigue.
Dietary supplements
Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements.
Most people can get the nutrients they need from a balanced diet. Some dietary supplements can also interact with treatments and other medications. Talk to your MD, RN, or RDN if you are thinking of taking or have any questions about dietary supplements.
Food safety
During cancer treatment, your body has a hard time fighting off infection. It’s important to make sure that the foods you’re eating are safe. This will lower your risk for foodborne illnesses (food poisoning) and other infections. For more information, read Food Safety During Cancer Treatment.
Staying hydrated
It’s very important to stay hydrated (get enough liquids) during your cancer treatment. You can hydrate with liquids other than water. Examples are listed below:
- Drink soups, bouillon, consommé, or broth.
- Drink seltzer, sparkling water, fruit and vegetable juices, hydration fluids such as Gatorade or Pedialyte, tea, milk or milkshakes (see recommendations below), or hot chocolate.
- Also, eat foods that increase your fluid intake, like gelatin (Jell-O), ice pops, and ice cream or frozen desserts.
Build your own smoothie or shake
Shakes or smoothies are a great way to boost your nutrition if you can’t or do not feel like eating solid foods. You or your caregiver can use the information below to build your own shake or smoothie at home.
For more information, read Nourishing Smoothie and Hot Latte Recipes.
Talk with your RDN about what you should put in your smoothie. You can customize smoothies to your preferences. Here are some suggestions:
Step 1: Pick your base (liquid) |
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Step 2: Pick your protein |
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Step 3: Add color |
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Step 4: Add more nutrition |
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To make a smoothie, add the liquid to the blender first. Then, add all other ingredients and blend until smooth.
Double Milk
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Mix in the blender and refrigerate. | Per 8-ounce serving:
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Regular diet sample menus
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Vegetarian diet sample menus
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Additional menu items:
Fruits: apple, banana, dragon fruit, guava, kiwi, lychee, mango, melon, orange, papaya, passion fruit, peach, pineapple, plantain, pomegranate, tangerine, tamarind
Vegetables: bean sprouts, beets, bitter melon, bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, callaloo, carrots, cassava, collard greens, daikon, jicama, mushrooms, okra, radishes, peppers (chiles), snow peas, squashes, sweet potatoes, water chestnuts, yucca, zucchini
Grains: amaranth, barley, breads (including naan, pita, roti, tortilla), buckwheat, cereals, couscous, crackers, oatmeal, maize, millet, noodles, pasta, quinoa, rice
Animal proteins: beef, fish, goat, lamb, pork, poultry, shellfish
Plant Proteins: beans, lentils, nuts, nut butters, seeds, tempeh, tofu
Dairy products: Cheese (including cotija, Oaxaca, paneer, queso fresco), kefir, milk (including lactose-free milk), yogurt. Choose Lactose free options if you are lactose intolerant.
Resources
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
www.eatright.org
AND is a professional organization for registered dietitians. The website has information about the latest nutrition guidelines and research and can help you find a dietitian in your area. The academy also publishes The Complete Food & Nutrition Guide, which has over 600 pages of food, nutrition, and health information.
American Institute for Cancer Research
www.aicr.org
800-843-8114
Has information on diet and cancer prevention research and education as well as recipes.f
Cook For Your Life
www.cookforyourlife.org
Many recipe ideas for patients with cancer. Recipes can be filtered by diet type or treatment side effect.
FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofFoods/CFSAN/default.htm
Has helpful information on food safety.
MSK Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service
www.msk.org/integrativemedicine
Our Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service offers many services to complement (go along with) traditional medical care, including music therapy, mind/body therapies, dance and movement therapy, yoga, and touch therapy. To schedule an appointment for these services, call 646-449-1010.
The Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service also provides counseling on nutrition and dietary supplements. You can find more information about herbal and other dietary supplements at www.msk.org/herbs.
You can also schedule a consultation with a healthcare provider in the Integrative Medicine and Wellness Service. They will work with you to come up with a plan for creating a healthy lifestyle and managing side effects. To make an appointment, call 646-608-8550.
MSK Nutrition Services website
www.msk.org/nutrition
Use our diet plans and recipes to help with healthy eating habits during and after cancer treatment
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
http://ods.od.nih.gov
301-435-2920
Has up-to-date information on dietary supplements.
Contact information for nutrition services at MSK
Any MSK patient is welcome to make an appointment with one of our clinical dietitian nutritionists for medical nutrition therapy. Our clinical dietitian nutritionists are available for appointments at multiple outpatient locations within Manhattan and the following regional site locations:
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Basking Ridge
136 Mountain View Blvd.
Basking Ridge, NJ 07920 -
Memorial Sloan Kettering Bergen
225 Summit Ave.
Montvale, NJ 07645 -
Memorial Sloan Kettering Commack Nonna’s Garden Foundation Center
650 Commack Rd.
Commack, NY 11725 -
Memorial Sloan Kettering Monmouth
480 Red Hill Rd.
Middletown, NJ 07748 -
Memorial Sloan Kettering Nassau
1101 Hempstead Tpk.
Uniondale, NY 11553 -
Memorial Sloan Kettering Westchester
500 Westchester Ave.
West Harrison, NY 10604
To schedule an appointment with a clinical dietitian nutritionist at any of our locations, contact our nutrition scheduling office at 212-639-7312.